Downfall Of Pakistan Industry Film Studies Essay

Downfall Of Pakistan perseverance Film Studies EssayPakistan use up fabrication started off as a mighty empire, effort of the chocolate heroes and exquisite heroines. This is known as the Golden era of the fabrication where movies were filled with audiences enjoying their local movies which would feign the sensitive issues of the society. The industry flourished, boomed and grew mightier every day. An article in LA times sums up the story of Pakistan buck industry, In their heyday, theaters such as the Odeon had queues of Pakistanis snaking far beyond the box-office window and down Lahores bustling sidewalks. Moviegoers dressed in their snazziest salwar kameezes and arrived two hours before a drawing to secure tickets. Today, Pakistani film has all simply vanished, a victim of the VCR, cable television, President Muhammad Zia ul-Haqs Islamization of Pakistani society, and finally DVD piracy. In 1985, 1,100 movie houses operated in Pakistan today, only 120 are in business. The a hardly a(prenominal)(prenominal) directors, producers and cinema owners often rely on second jobs to make ends meet (Rodriguez). The Islamization reforms introduced by the President Zia-up-Haq led to the deterioration of the industry and finally to its downfall. Stereotypical thinking, deprivation of Goernment finance and support, uneducated actors/actresses/writers/directors, lack of acting schools and production houses, and lately the conception of the Indian movies in our local cinemas has closed down the industry completely.The federal agency of cinemas in the downfall of the film industry too involve to be discussed. It highlights the willingness of cinema owners to show Indian and English movies in their cinemas.Although it might be argued that the cinemas throw away shown willingness to show Pakistanis movies as well. For example, the DHA cinema in Lahore is currently a Pakistani movie CHANNA SACCHI MUCHI, along with other Indian and Hollywood movies. Further m ore than, several cinemas continue to show Pakistanis movies despite incurring losses but even this trend is changing as no cinema owner would continue to lose revenue by not showing Indian and English movies as also suggested by Jam Hussains article in The Nation newspaper, While the Pakistani films shit vanished from the cinema, the covering of foreign movies is in full swing these days. Almost every cinema in the City including those located in the Northern Lahore and Walled City known for displaying Punjabi movies, has switched over to either Indian or English film. The cinema-owners are going for the foreign flicks after the Pakistani films failed to attract viewers in a sizable public figure to sustain the cinema industry. One of the reasons for the introduction of Indian movies in Pakistan was to bring back audience to the cinemas so as to ensure the survival of cinemas but the cinema owners, instead of screening both local and foreign films, are switching towards foreign films only which is effecting our film industry quite negatively.It is said that the downfall of the film industry started with the introduction Islamization policies indroduced by President Zia-ul-Haq. Advocates of General Zias regime argue that following the Bangladesh liberation war, the number of cinemas decreased rapidly and as political hesitancy took charge of the industry filmmakers were asked to consider socio-political impacts of their films. So the film industry was already on decline but the imposition of new registration laws for film producers requiring to be degree holders, where not many of them held one, led to a steep decline in the workings of the industry, the forcible closure of most of the cinemas in Lahore by giving medication and the introduction of new tax rates which further decreased cinema attendances is proof enough of the fact that the policies introduced by General Zia was a major pouffe to the film industry. There were other implications as well, a ccording to the article How Pakistan Fell in Love with the Bollywood published in Foreign Policy magazine by Anuj Chopra, General Zia-ul-Haqs Islamization policies resulted in the artificial split between Indian and Pakistani culture. Basically entertainment, particularly Indian entertainment, was labeled as fahashi (vulgar). Classical Indian music and dance were banned, and colleges were instructed to shut down their music societies. Sari, a Hindu garment, was banned, which according to him revealed too much of a womans body. Moreover, it has also been noted that in state TV programs, women playing negative roles were shown wearing Indian clothes (mainly saris), while the good ones were shown wearing salwar kameez(traditional Pakistani outfit) and a dupatta (a shawl covering the head). General Zias Islamization process was a huge setback to Pakistans film industry and it is salve recovering from those setbacks as the process permanently changed the way population intellection a bout films and the industry.The Pakistani movies have been stereotyped as bad and low part and also that people with low standards come to these academies and work in this industry. It is commonly accepted that respectable people dont go to Pakistani cinema houses anymore, unless of course it is to watch a special screening of some Hollywood blockbuster (Minhas). It might be argued that people still watch and appreciate Pakistani movies and also that many people are entering this field with prospects of great future. Some of the many new talents that have entered the industry include names like Fawad Khan, Imran Abbasi and Imaan Ali. Their acting in Khuda Key Liye, regarded as one of Pakistans best movie, was commendable. They are a source of inspiration for other individuals, curiously those who are passionate about acting but feel that there is no future in it. However, a few exceptions cannot really account for the carrying into action of the whole industry.Most of us are awar e of the fact that a government activity can play a key role in promoting the film industry of a particular country. This notion obviously applies to Pakistan also, but the ill-fate of our country is such that the government has shown little interest in the development of this industry. The point is also backed by Amna Nasir Jamals article The Pakistani Film intentness Struggles to Survive in which she says that due to governments laxity in the past two decades, the film industry has deteriorated and most of the technical facilities have been closed. It is acknowledgeable that by means ofout Pakistans history most of the governments have been hesitant to promote the film industry because of the opposition from religious factions. What the government does not realize is that the film industry has a potential of playing an important role in portraying a better image of Pakistan. Recently, the government, under President Asif Ali Zardari, formed United Film Association of Pakistan (UFAP) which aims to bring back the golden era of the film industry and also, according to the newspaper article Taxes over and Not a Film to Screen in The Express Tribune by Saadia Qamar, levied a 65 percent tax on the screening of foreign films in Punjab. These are positive steps and whether they will bear fruits or not, only the future can tell but what the industry really needs is sparing and technical assistance which every government has failed to provide.It is argued that the introduction of Indian and Hollywood movies has provided a competitive base for Pakistani movies so that only good quality movies come forward. The argument is backed by the introduction of movies such as Khuda Key Liye but the situation of the whole industry needs to be interpreted into account first. The film industry is on the brink of collapse, Pakistani movies have been stereotyped as bad so there is very little demand, few cinemas that are still operating are unwilling to screen Pakistani movies, the industry lacks technical equipment and expertise and there is very little government support. In 2009 an article, Pakistan Film Industry Bombarded by Bollywood published in Times of India by Bhariti Dubey quite accurately sums up the impact of Indian movies on Pakistans films industry, This year, the Pakistani film industry produced only nine films. The reasons for this dwindle are many but most fingers point to one culprit who, they claim, has killed their industry Bollywood.In the recent past, intimately every film released in India has simultaneously been released in Pakistan and done business of about Rs 2 crore to Rs 5 crore. Our local industry is unarguably very watery and needs support and exposing it to foreign competitors would never allow it to grow.It is also suggested that instead of putting restrictions on Indian movies, the Indian movies should be allowed to be screened and promoted in Pakistan if the Indians retard to screen Pakistani films. This would improve cross border relations and also give Pakistani actors, who do not find enough work here, an hazard to work in India. Meera and Javed Sheikh have already worked in Indian movies and as more people enter Bollywood, they could bring investment into our industry. However, this school of thought does not realize that Pakistani movies can only be screened in India if they are made of the same caliber and are able to compete with their films differently the Indian cinema owners would have no incentive of screening Pakistani Film. The introduction of Indian movies in Pakistan was only intended to increase the revenue of cinema owners and motivate our producers/directors to work harder and compete with them. However, this introduction took a wrong turn and still faces a lot of opposition.Islamization policies, lack of financial support by the government, introduction of foreign movies in local cinemas and stereotypical thinking of the locals have really dented the film industry. The Pakis tan film industry is now a sinking ship, which needs a captain who cannot only secure the future of the industry but can also lead the ship to its destination. The Pakistani Film Industry went through a smooth and a bumpy road altogether. There was a time when the industry saw good days as well as the bad days. But changes can be inflicted to make sure that the industry revives and sees those heights once again that it saw previously. The government support, educated youngsters, and establishment of more acting schools, cinemas, and production houses are the elements which should come on one platform in order to make the revival possible.Works Cited PageRodriguez, Alex. Pakistans Film Industry is in Collapse.LA Times08 Nov. 2009. Print.Chopra, Anuj. How Pakistan Fell in Love With Bollywood.Foreign Policy Magazine15 Mar. 2010. Print.Minhas, Shandana. The Second Wave.Chowk22 Nov. 2004. Web.Jamal, Amna N. Pakistani Film Industry Struggles to Survive.Central Asia Online. Web.Qamar, Saad ia. Taxes Everywhere and Not a Film to Screen.The Express Tribune19 Apr. 2010. Print.Dubey, Bhariti. Pakistan Film Industry Bombarded by Bollywood.The Times of India1 Nov. 2009. Print.Hussain, Jam S. Indian Movies dwarf Lahore Cinemas. The Nation Lahore 3 Aug. 2009. Print.

Comparative Coverage of Women Issues in Elite Press

Comparative Coverage of Women Issues in elite PressComparative Coverage of women Issues in Elite Press of Pakistan, India BangladeshKey Words Mass Media, bell ringer Media, portrayal, Women, Issues, treatment, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Elite Press, Visual, Textual, AnalysisIntroductionWe argon living in the twenty-first century and it is a heart-throbbing situation that still most of the sections of our society do not realize the importance of women in the socio-economic fabric. It would be deplorable if the status and the intent of women were not appropriately perceived, since women ar a part of society and shargon work and responsibility. Therefore, it is indispensable to upgrade the depiction of women and to strengthen the intercommunicateational role of the media. Butt Mourion (1996) says that media are one of the modern ways to importanttain and promote ideology and to relate it to the national needs, but also adds that to do this promotion, a grand number of projec ts and actions are required constantly by the state and the people as well. Media is playing vital role in dissemination of information, shaping and reshaping the perception and public views. The mass media have an essential role reporting wrong doing following up remedial action, mobilizing public opinion, brining about social change and highlighting positive ontogenesiss. In fact, media and women issues coverage important subject field in every era.The study is focused to analyze the visual and textual presentation of the women related intelligence operation regarding social, economical and political issues in the elite commove of major countries of South Asia which includes Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. The study is important because before partition of the subcontinent these three countries enjoyed the status of united India. So these countries are having similar roots sharing earthy norms, values and society. In this study researcher is going to analyze the women issues i n major wordpapers of Pakistan, India and Bangladesh which include topics of news stories, tone of covered news, location of news stories in paper and amount of space is given to news. Through these aspects researcher will analyze whether the print media portrayal women project positive, negative or neutr altogetheryMediaThe life styles, socialising patterns, participation levels, cultural boundaries, political maneuverings, religious manifestations, educational standards, social hierarchy, and images of society these all sectors that influence by the media content (Sharma, 2005). The media is a vehicle used to inform as well as entertain the public. The media is a carrier of information, ideas, thoughts and opinions. It is a powerful force in influencing people perceptions on a variety of issues. Print media is oldest medium that educate, inform and entertain the people. In modern society is mass media responsible for construction and consumption of social knowledge and their m eanings that use people get to a sense abut world and act as social reality accordingly. Print media plays an important role in influencing public opinions and setting agendum for what is constructed as news. The print media which include newspapers, periodicals, newsletters and separate channels are relied upon by the people as credible source of information, education and entertainment. The print media are cognize for fearless criticism and service. The print media or newspaper is consists of current affairs news, articles, features, advertising. Newspaper normally publishes stories on local, national and international politics issues, entertainment, society, business, technology, education, agriculture, sports etc. excessively editorials, columns and letter to editors on current issues publish in newspaper on fussy pages. Print media started in these three countries with the Independence Day but almost news papers were running before the partition such as Dawn, Nawa I Waqt and Jang (Pakistan) The Hindustan Times, The Times of India and Dainik Jagran (India) and The Daily Star.WomenWomen are an integral part of our society, and cannot be handle due to less power and authority. They are created using the need for men and men, presenting them with a companion in the course of life. Although women are significantly in all areas of life, the long list of people in the treatment seems to be never ending. There is no denying the fact that in todays society, where women are still mostly male, is predominate by pine from the inferior place to put side-by-side with men because of social and stick are typically held social values. In fact, womens position in some(prenominal) of the countries varies according to the categories, regions, and rural and urban distribution unequal socio-economic development and the impact of tribal, feudal, and capitalist social formations on womens lives.Today Pakistani women have a cleanse position than most of other Muslim wo men. However, on an average, the womens situation vis--vis men are one of systemicgender subordination. However, awareness among Pakistani women to expand the educational opportunities increased from chivalric few years. According to the United Nations development index, Pakistani women are better in gender equality, as women in India and Bangladesh.However women condition in India is tally as compared to other development countries majority of Indian population consist of female. Today average female life expectancy today in India in contrast to many others countries is below the standard line (Nautiyal Dabral, 2012). Majority of women deprived the basic facility of life such as food, health and education in India and also socially women life in India very terrible. Indian society gives the more dominancy and importance to male in any walk of life as well as male social development.The status of women in Bangladesh is defined as an ongoing gender battle, the prevailing political tide, who favors restricting the rights of women in the Moslem patriarchal patterns, and activism. The Bangladesh socio-cultural environment provides comprehensive gender inequity so that girls and women face many obstacles in their development. The girls are often considered the financial burden on the family, and since birth, they hold less investment in health, health care and education (UNICEF, 2007). In Bangladesh, women have made huge gains since the country gained independence in 1971. In the prehistorical four decades have seen increased political influence for women, better employment prospects, improving training and new laws protect their rights. Many of the women working in the States and other key positions but in issues like family violence, acid burning and rape are still persist.Media and WomenThe media portrayal both positive as well as negative issues of women as well as a powerful mechanism. Although the media has played an important role in highlighting wome ns issues, it has also had negative impact, in scathe of perpetrating violence against women through pornography and images of women as a female torso that can be bought and sold. (Sharma, 2005) the trend is increasing in media to represent women as victims are more alarming. Media reflects in its content the pattern of value in any society. According to (Sharma, 2005) for the purpose of promoting and disseminating information media play an important role and also it is main role in development of women in social and economic sectors. The way subjects dealing with women are treated indicated to a great extent the prevailing military position of the society towards women. Everywhere the potential exists for the media to make a far greater contribution to the advancement of women. More women are involved in careers in the communication theory sector, but few have attained positions at the decision-making level or serve on governing boards and bodies that influence media policy. Wo mens appearance in sensational news stories such as glamour, sex, domestic violence and other forms of violence are still prominent (Nautiyal Dabral, 2012).Portrayal of women in the media is mostly unfair and imbalanced. They are under-represented which incorrectly implies that men are the cultural standard and womens role in the social life is unimportant or negligible. Women are visualized stereotypically that reflect and sustain socially endorsed views of gender. Their presentation in the media does not conform to their real role in the society. According to Patel (1995) the mainstream media like print more highlight the women physical body image side by side along stereotyped sexist images and the back page pin ups. She observed that one of the reasons for projection of patriarchal image of the society is disproportionate number of men in the key positions in media. As to the qualitative aspect of portrayal of women in the media that they are generally portrayed as unthinking, dependent and submissive beings with reproduction as their fundamental role. Women are either portrayed as ideal or deviant. Their real life feelings and behaviors are rarely depicted on screen. She is shown more in fantasy roles than her real life. Common woman in the society finds it hard to relate herself to the depiction of females in the media. The negative portrayal of women in the media not only does not correspond with the reality but also leads to promote unhealthy and harmful traits among the public.Statement of the problemPress is prognostic the women in a totally immoral way according to society values in news. While these types of news became the sources of spreading obscenity, westerly style, trends and personalities are being highlighted quite indecently. The news about scandals, rapes, pregnancy, fashion shows, show-biz and private matters of wife and husband are being over played instead of the women development and social progress. The photographs related to the se news are nude, and below the standards of morality. Newspapers are more focusing the sexual crimes are being highlighted in which women are badly humiliated. In fact, film stars and celebrities news are being accommodated as commodities.HypothesisWhether or not Pakistani, Indian and Bangladesh press portray women as commodities?Whether or not Pakistani, Indian and Bangladesh press treating women issues in real sense and focusing social development?Whether or not Pakistani, Indian and Bangladesh press portray women issues as sensational news?Objectives of the StudyThe objectives of this research, which can be specified on the spot to find the answer the following questions as belowTo analyze representation of women in selected newspaper of Pakistan, India and Bangladesh.To examine the quality of the women related news published in selected newspapers.To find out the selected issues related to women that are discussed subject matter or not.To understand whether or not women related news are treated as traditional approach in selected newspapers.To check the nature/style of news related to women issues in selected newspapers.To understand print media reporting patterns are favorable/ unfavorable towards womenPrintmediaportraystereotypicalimageof womeninnewsstoriesNautiyal Dabral (2012) The journals are mostly qualified for modern society and could be said to be positively harmful to the development of women as conscious individuals aware of themselves and aware of the society around them. If a woman wins a beauty contest, magazines or newspapers in particular give much importance to the news and even take her photographs on cover page but, at the same time if a woman gets the Nobel treasure she gets limited coverage. Here the difference of judgment in womens issues is quite marked in our media. Similarly the daily newspapers rarely put womens news and their development. Rather they opt reporting on rape, atrocities, crime, sexual harassment and abuse of wom en prominently in their columns.UNICEF, State of the Worlds Children The Double Dividend of Gender Equality, 2007Mariam S. Pal (2000).Women in Pakistan rural area Briefing Paper. Asian Development Bank.ISBN971-561-297-0.Pakistan Status of Women the Womens Movement. Womenshistory.about.com. 28 July 2001. Retrieved 2012-01-24.Women Education in Pakistan. Pakcitizen.com. 17 December 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-24.http//hdrstats.undp.org/images/explanations/pak.pdfJump uphttp//tribune.com.pk/story/521279/pakistan-better-than-india-on-undp-gender-inequality-index/

Medea - the conception of drama within theatrical production :: essays research papers fc

The Conception of Drama within Theatrical ProductionIn Euripides tragic play, Medea, the playwright creates an undercurrent of funny farm in the play upon asserting that, the worlds great order is being reversed. (Lawall, 651, line 408). The manipulation of the spectators emotions, which instills in them a sentiment of shimmer, is relative to this undertone of disorder, as opposed to being absolute. The central thesis suggests drama in the play as relative to the method of theatrical production. The three concepts of set, costumes, and acting, are tools which accentuate the drama of the play. Respectively, these three notions represent the appearance of drama on political, social, and moral levels. This essay will compare three different productions of Euripides melodrama, namely, the play as presented by the Jazzart trip the light fantastic toe Theatre the Culver City (California) Public Theatre and finally, the original ancient Greek production of the play, as it was scripted b y Euripides. The two contemporary productions of Medea were selected for this essay in an effort to contrast the ancient Greek version of the play with two renew versions, which would demonstrate a wide distinction between the trends of production. Furthermore, both modernized versions of the play add their own innovation to the production, making for an even broader dissimilarity among the plays. Moreover, both recent productions are fashioned within cultures which have borrowed their political, social, and moral ways of life from Ancient Greek society, specifically, South Africa (British Colonies), and The United States.Based in Cape Town, South Africa, Jazzart Dance Theatre is known today for its distinctive style and ingenuity in extending the boundaries of South African dance. Contrarily to the original production of Medea, Jazzarts unique approach uses dance (as opposed to music) to articulate emotion to the viewers. The dancers create Greek tragedy, harbouring no artistic safety net.The set plays a central role in dramatizing the theatrical experience of this particular production. As you can substantiate in both figures 1 and 2, the set is purposely designed to resemble a metropolitan alleyway. This dramatic ambiance is created in an effort to parallel the inclementness of the unforgiving streets of any particular conurbation. Normally, the audience would tend to construe this setting as a symbol of turmoil in the kingdom of Corinth. Thus, the set itself deeds as a device in developing a sense of political drama.The costumes which are used for this particular production are also prerequisite in dramatizing the on-stage action.

Life Under the Taliban Essay -- Taliban Afghanistan Middle East Essay

Life Under the Taliban Afghanistan is one of the poorest and most troubled countries in the world. The land that occupies Afghanistan has a farsighted history of domination by extraneous conquerors and strife among internally warring factions. At the gateway between Asia and Europe, this land was conquered by Darius I of Babylonia circa 500 B.C., and black lovage the Great of Macedonia in 329 B.C., among others. In late years, war and lawlessness had destroyed much of the rustic millions of people went into exile and brought its economy to a standstill. This paper looks to seek the recent history of Afghanistan, how the Taliban came to power, and the impact their Moslem laws had on the Afghanistan society including their treatment of women.Brief HistoryDuring the imperial days Afghanistan became a buffer zone when both Britain and Russia agreed that an incursion into Afghanistan would be considered a declaration of war against each other. Both respected this arrangement. After B ritains departure from the region, Russians increased their entrance in Afghanistan with servicing and support from India, which wanted to keep Pakistan form out of British India in 1947. Meanwhile, the Russians believed that the Americans, who replaced Britain as the new superpower, were too far away from this region to get physically involved. So in 1979, when the pro-soviet communist politics in Kabul showed signs of weakness, the Soviet Union sent its troops into Afghanistan. They faced no resistance and captured the entire country in a few days. However, the Soviets were simulated about the United States response to their invasion. The Americans did not like the Soviet presence in Afghanistan as it could have allowed the Soviet Union to have undue influence in South Asia and the oil rich Middle East. In engaging the Russians in Afghanistan, the Americans also saw an luck to avenge their defeat in Vietnam.The Pakistanis were evenly keen to prevent the Russians from strengt hening their position in Afghanistan, particularly because of the theory, which was popular at the time, that Moscow wanted to draw the warm waters of the Arabian sea and the Indian Ocean. Many in Islamabad believed that after consolidating themselves in Afghanistan, the Russians would make a move to take everywhere Pakistani city of Karachi, the nearest harbor for the former soviet Central Asia. Pakist... ...essed 08 February 10, 2004.?A Job Half Done In Afghanistan?.The New York Times, may 15,2003,Baldauf, Scott. and Tohid, Owais.?Taliban Appears to be regrouped and well funded?. Christian Science Monitor, May 8,2003, Baldauf, Scott. and Tohid, Owais.? Where taliban go to find warm beds and results?. Christian Science Monitor, December 11,2003, Black, Andrew.?Talibans Rise Was Fueled By International confederacy?.The Press Association Limited, kinsfolk 30, 2003Goodson, P. Larry. Afghanistans everlasting war.United States of AmericaUniveristy of working capital Press, 200 1.Hilton, Elizabeth.?Just Poppycock?.The Guardian, December 11, 2003?How The Taliban Erased History One Year After Taliban Forces Savaged Afghanistan?s both Celebrated Buddahs, The Story Of Their Destruction Has Emerged?. Washington Post.March 16,2002Kramer, Martin.?The Camera and The Burqa?.Middle East Quarterly, March 1,2002Nojumi, Neamatollah.The rise of the taliban in afghanistan.New York,NYPalgrave, 2002. ?Taliban Comeback in Afghanistan?. Mideast Mirror October 10, 2003Tompkins,Richard. ?AnalysisAfghanistan 2 years later.? United Press International, September 14, 2003,p8 Life Under the Taliban Essay -- Taliban Afghanistan Middle East EssayLife Under the Taliban Afghanistan is one of the poorest and most troubled countries in the world. The land that occupies Afghanistan has a long history of domination by foreign conquerors and strife among internally warring factions. At the gateway between Asia and Europe, this land was conquered by Darius I of Babylonia circa 500 B.C., and Alexander the Great of Macedonia in 329 B.C., among others. In recent years, war and lawlessness had destroyed much of the country millions of people went into exile and brought its economy to a standstill. This paper looks to explore the recent history of Afghanistan, how the Taliban came to power, and the impact their Islamic laws had on the Afghanistan society including their treatment of women.Brief HistoryDuring the imperial days Afghanistan became a buffer zone when both Britain and Russia agreed that an incursion into Afghanistan would be considered a declaration of war against each other. Both respected this arrangement. After Britains departure from the region, Russians increased their influence in Afghanistan with help and support from India, which wanted to keep Pakistan carved out of British India in 1947. Meanwhile, the Russians believed that the Americans, who replaced Britain as the new superpower, were too far away from this region to get physical ly involved. So in 1979, when the pro-soviet communist regime in Kabul showed signs of weakness, the Soviet Union sent its troops into Afghanistan. They faced no resistance and captured the entire country in a few days. However, the Soviets were mistaken about the United States response to their invasion. The Americans did not like the Soviet presence in Afghanistan as it could have allowed the Soviet Union to have undue influence in South Asia and the oil rich Middle East. In engaging the Russians in Afghanistan, the Americans also saw an opportunity to avenge their defeat in Vietnam.The Pakistanis were equally keen to prevent the Russians from strengthening their position in Afghanistan, particularly because of the theory, which was popular at the time, that Moscow wanted to reach the warm waters of the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. Many in Islamabad believed that after consolidating themselves in Afghanistan, the Russians would make a move to take over Pakistani city of Karac hi, the nearest seaport for the former soviet Central Asia. Pakist... ...essed 08 February 10, 2004.?A Job Half Done In Afghanistan?.The New York Times, May 15,2003,Baldauf, Scott. and Tohid, Owais.?Taliban Appears to be regrouped and well funded?. Christian Science Monitor, May 8,2003, Baldauf, Scott. and Tohid, Owais.? Where taliban go to find warm beds and results?. Christian Science Monitor, December 11,2003, Black, Andrew.?Talibans Rise Was Fueled By International Community?.The Press Association Limited, September 30, 2003Goodson, P. Larry. Afghanistans endless war.United States of AmericaUniveristy of Washington Press, 2001.Hilton, Elizabeth.?Just Poppycock?.The Guardian, December 11, 2003?How The Taliban Erased History One Year After Taliban Forces Savaged Afghanistan?s Two Celebrated Buddahs, The Story Of Their Destruction Has Emerged?. Washington Post.March 16,2002Kramer, Martin.?The Camera and The Burqa?.Middle East Quarterly, March 1,2002Nojumi, Neamatollah.The rise of the taliban in afghanistan.New York,NYPalgrave, 2002. ?Taliban Comeback in Afghanistan?. Mideast Mirror October 10, 2003Tompkins,Richard. ?AnalysisAfghanistan 2 years later.? United Press International, September 14, 2003,p8

The Ethics of Medical Animal Testing Essay -- Ethical Treatment of Anim

In all matters, including medicine, the well-being of the human race comes before any other consideration. This is the justification for the use of dehumanised animal testing in medicine. Of course this argument brings issues into play that are both ethical and professional and need exploring before a definitive coiffe can be given. The Rights of Lesser Life FormsAnimals move over rights. This is a statement that very few people will disagree with. Animal cruelty as an end unto itself (i.e. for entertainment) is just wrong. Short of being a sociopath I rattlingly cant imagine anyone saying or thinking otherwise. The real ethical question comes when humanity can benefit from a cruelty committed against an animal.As far as life on this planet goes, we front to be at the pinnacle of creation. Though we have only been here for less than the blinking of an eye, as far as our small planet is concerned, we have achieved heights unparalleled by any species to grace the world before us. Because of this we have looked at the rest of existence as lesser than us and because present for our use.A Respect for All LifeThis view of superiority has begun to diminish only very lately. The first reason for this elevated respect for bloodless animals comes from the same source as our concern for our fellow human beings compassion. As a species humans have, for whatever reason, developed the ability to conceptualize ourselves in the put in of other things we observe. While this ability is strongest when dealing with other humans, it is even possible to do this with humans. This is of course followed by hard reasoning as to why dehumanised animals do have rights.Peter Singer, a professor in bioethics, is believed by some to have beg... ...ights movement http//www.animalrights.net/Research Defense Society an organization keep animal testing http//www.rds-online.org.uk/home.htmlSeriously Ill for Medical Research an organization supporting animal testing ( he has even posted his hate mail) http//www.simr.org.uk/pages/simr/index.htmlfederal official Food and Drug Administration The USs legal authority on animal testing http//www.fda.govPhysicians Committee for Responsible medication an organization against animal testing http//www.pcrm.org/issues/Animal_Experimentation_Issues/animal_issues.htmlPeople for Ethical Treatment of Animals Animals rights group http//www.peta.comSeriously Ill Against Vivisection an organization against animal testing http//www.siav.comPeter Singer think A site dedicated to Peter Singer and his works http//www.petersingerlinks.com/

Life of George Eliot aka Mary Ann Evans Essay -- essays research pape

George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) lived from 1819 to 1880. She was raised in a very traditional family. Her father was a farmer who managed various estates, and he made certain that his young woman was given a very strict Methodist education. She attended a series of boarding schools where she learned that which was typical for a young lady in the early part of the nineteenth century -- subjects such as French, piano, and handwriting. While at these boarding schools, she frequently turned to fiction as a puzzle out of amusement, establishing at an early age the foundation upon which her later novels would be based. Despite this traditional upbringing, though, Mary Ann Evans lived an adult life that many considered to be utterly scandalous. In the mid-1840s she began to question seriously the Christian faith in which she was raised, and by the end of the 1840s she had abandoned the church altogether. This questioning of religion may have initiated her literary career, though, her trans formation of Das Leben Jesu, a controversial inquiry into the tenets of Christianity, gained her some notice in L...

Children in Blake’s Poetry Essay -- William Blake Poetry Poets Essays

Children in Blakes PoetryThe use of children is a prominent theme in a number of William Blakes poems. It is apparent in reading such poems as, The beloved, The Little Black son, and The Chimney Sweeper, that Blake sees the world through the eyes of a child and embraces the innocence of the young. Blakes poem The Lamb, from Songs of Innocence unfeignedly illustrates the innocence and purity of a young child. The persona in the poem is of a young child. The child questions the lamb as to where he came from and asks, Little Lamb who made thee? / Dost thou know who made thee? (9,10) The child is expecting the Lamb to answer him but it is obvious to the reader that the Lamb cant talk. When the child receives no answer, he decides that hell tell the lamb where he came from. He says, Little Lamb, Ill tell thee (12). The child says He is called by thy name for he calls himself a LambHe is meek & mild,He became a little childI a child & thou a lamb,We are called by his name. (13,18)The child really shows that his innocence here. The Lamb is being referred to as Jesus, the Lamb of God. The child is saying that that Lamb, Jesus and the child are all the same. What the boy does not understand, because he is a child and so innocent, is that the Lamb will be sacrificed, and the child will die, just like Jesus did when He was crucified. The Little Black Boy from Songs of Innocence is another poem that illustrates the innocence of children. The poem is written from the persona of a little black boy who has been told that being white is better then being black. The little boy saysAnd I am black, but O my soul is whiteWhite as an angel is the English child entirely I am b... ...s parents have gone to church to pray. The child blames his parents as well as society for his present position in life and saysAnd because I am happy, & dance & sing,They think they have done me no injury,And are gone to praise God & his Priest & King,Who make up a enlightenment of our misery. (9,12)Unlike The Chimney Sweeper from Songs of Innocence, the young boy in this poem realizes that he is going to die and that this is wrong. He blames God, his parents and society for letting this happened to him. Blake is still perceive the world through the eyes of a child in this poem, however, he is looking at it from a more mature or experienced psyche of view. Many of William Blakes poems contain images of children and depict children as innocent and nave. Blake sees the world through the eyes of a child and he shows this through his poetry.